During the Second World War Kingston upon Hull spent more than 1,000 hours under air-raid alerts and was the target of the first daylight raid of the war and the last piloted air raid on Britain. The city was vulnerable because it was a port and industrial centre close to mainland Europe and situated on an estuary, which made it easy to find. The result of this was that Hull was the most severely damaged town or city in the country during the war, 95 per cent of its houses being damaged or destroyed.

City on Fire examines the air raids on Hull, the industries and infrastructure the raids targeted, how effective they were, the effects on the civilian population, the stories of some of the Civil Defence and rescue workers, how the raids were censored in the media at the time and the use of deception measures to try and protect the city. The book will also look at the aftermath of the war and the reconstruction of Hull.

ERRATA

Page 17, footnote 11 (page 119):

URL is now https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/6865511.

Page 23:

"The air raid sirens sounded at 22:55 on the 19th, but it was not until after midnight that a cluster of approximately fifty-four IBs Incendiary Bombs (IBs) landed in East Hull..."

Paragraph beginning "The IBs pierced several tanks at the site..." transposed in error. Should instead be placed before the paragraph beginning with "At 05:15 on 11 July a single enemy aircraft was seen over Hull..." on page 25.

Page 63:

"The time was nearly four o'clock when a bomb dropped on the shelter, and when I recovered I was in the Children's Hospital ^129A with Mrs Dove ^129B and Alice.
129A: The Victoria Hospital for Sick Children, where Florence Davis (as below) died; Alice died later at Base Hospital, Cottingham, so must have been transferred subsequently.
129B: This appears to refer to Florence May Rachel Davis, who was the daughter of Albert Edward Dove's late wife."
[Missing annotation]

Page 93:

"The total number of named deaths due to War Operations in Hull recorded by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) numbers 1,171 1,187. This includes fifteen 26 members of the armed services, and five of the Merchant Navy (four as civilian deaths, one as a service death).
...
In contrast there are no civilians individuals in the CWGC's records who cannot be reconciled with a death registration, either in Hull (1,148 1,166), Holderness (13), or elsewhere (8)."
[Four civilians deaths due to War Operations added to CWGC register after MS was completed, and one civilian and eleven service deaths not previously confirmed as due to War Operations, as per Addenda below]

"One is female, three male, and two indeterminate; three are aged zero, one being a known air raid casualty."
[All are now known to be non-War Operations deaths, while the death of the known infant air raid casualty does not actually appear to have been registered]

"1 November 1940
Trotter, Max Frank - AFS Fireman (28) - assumed injured,⁴ died 04/11/1940 at BRI
4: Probably Injured while fire-fighting at Frodham Street. "Woman Killed in N.E. Raid," Hull Daily Mail, 01/11/1940, page 1, columns 6-7."

Page 94:

"25/26 February 1941
Florence, George Kenneth (26)⁶
6: CWGC records death as 8 March 1941, date body found lockpit end of Alexandra Dock, as per death certificate."
...
"8 March 1941
Florence, George Kenneth (26) non air-raid death - exact cause unknown"
[As per death certificate]

"14/15 March 1941^64A
6A: Also on 15 March, Margaret Oddy (9) of 173 Waterloo Terrace died at Leeds General Infirmary, following an air raid that killed her aunt and uncle, Fanny and Arthur Beaumont, with whom she was staying at the time. Some sources may erroneously count her as a casualty of the Hull air raid on the same night."
[Annotation went missing during the editing process!] Page 95:

"18/19 March 1941
Dixon, Phyllis (sister-in-law,⁷ 21)
    Faulkner, May Evelyn (sister-in-law, 32)
7: Phyllis Dixon née Faulkner was married to Edwin Dixon; the brother of May Faulkner née Dixon. May was married to an Arthur Faulkner, but his relationship to Phyllis - if any - is unclear who was Phyllis's second cousin, sharing a common great-grandfather."
[Actual relationship now known]

"31 March/1 April 1941
Allsopp, James Harold - Driver, Royal Army Service Corps (28)⁸
8: "Deaths," Hull Daily Mail, 04 April 1941, page 3, column 7; Death certificate states body found Freehold Street, 2 April 1941; Buried in Hull Northern Cemetery (Compt. 241. Grave 30.)."
[As per death certificate; missing burial details]

Page 96:

"Leng, Leo Sidney - Gunner, 173 Battery, 62 Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (29)⁹
9: "Deaths," Hull Daily Mail, 04 April 1941, page 3, column 7; Death certificate states body found Freehold Street, 1 April 1941; Buried in Hull Northern Cemetery (Compt. 199. Grave 59.)."
[As per death certificate; missing burial details]

"Meggitt, Otto Fowler - Aircraftsman 2nd Class, RAF Volunteer Reserve (30)¹⁰
9: "Deaths," Hull Daily Mail, 04 April 1941, page 3, column 7; Death certificate states body found ARP Control, Ferensway, 31 March 1941; Commemorated Hull Northern Cemetery (Screen Wall)."
[As per death certificate; missing commemoration details]

"15/16 April 1941
Longthorn, George Herbert (39)^10B
10B: Brother of Harry Longthorn, died 7-8 May 1941."
[Relationship not previously noted]

Page 97:

"7/8 & 8/9 May 1941
In contrast, CWGC records show the following totals for deaths or ultimately fatal injuries across the three days as:
    7 May = 35
    8 May = 237 243
    9 May = 120 121
The 7th of May deaths obviously relate to the 7/8 May raid, as the 9 May ones do to 8/9 May raid,¹⁵ but the issue is those dated 8 May, which could be either. This total of 392 399 also falls short of the ANECT total of 420, but includes six nine service personnel deaths (including probables), and it is entirely possible that there are more, which may well make up the shortfall."
[Corrected to include additional civilian and service deaths, as per addenda below]

"7/8 May "1941
Bush, Elizabeth (husband wife, 82)
    Bush, John William (wife husband, 75)"
[Relationships transposed in error]
...
Bushell, Stephen Henry, DSM¹³ - Chief Petty Officer, HMS Pembroke,¹⁴ Royal Navy (55)^{15 16} ...
14: Rather than being a ship, HMS Pembroke was the name used or a variety of shore stations. In 1941 Pembroke I and Pembroke II were accounting bases in Chatham, Kent, while Pembroke III was an accounting base on the Thames Estuary. Death certificate states, "of Naval Headquarters, Hull."
...
16: Death certificate states body found 8 May 1941, corner of Cranbourne Street and Albany Street; May have been killed on 7/8 or 8/9 May 1941; Buried in the Northern Cemetery (Compt. 295. Grave 77. Screen Wall, Centre Panel)."
[Additional details from death certificate]

Page 98:

"Dove, Albert Edward (father, 52)
    Davis, Florence (step-daughter,¹⁷ 31 28) - died 14 May 1941 at VHSC
       Dove, Ronald (son of Florence Davis,^17A 7 8)
       Davis, Amelia M (daughter of Florence Davis, 6)
       Davis, Brian (son of Florence Davis, 4)
    Dove, Alice V (daughter, 19) - assumed injured, died 13 May 1941 at BHC
    Dove, Beatrice^17B (daughter, 16)
    Dove, Albert E (son, 13) [missing initial]
    Dove, Adelaide (daughter, 11)
17: Appears to be The daughter of Albert Dove's late wife, Rachel Ann "Doris" Dove née Davis, born in 1912, and thus prior to their marriage in late 1913. Florence's birth was re-registered in 1929 under the Legitimacy Act 1926, with Albert named as her father. This officially changed her surname to Dove, yet both her death registration and CWGC record have it as Davis, as does her son Ronald's birth certificate (see below). The CWGC and death registration erroneously record her age as 31, while the 1939 ID Card Register gives her date of birth as 26 November 1910, suggesting she was 30. In fact, both her orginal and re-registered birth certificates have her born on 26 November 1912, making her 28.
17A: The CWGC records Ronald, Amelia, and Brian - born between October 1933 and March 1938 - as the children, "of Albert Edward, and of the late Rachel Doris Dove," even though she died in mid-1931. Ronald's birth certificate - which has his surname as Dove - confirms "Florence Dove" as his mother, with no father's details, while Amelia and Brian's birth registrations are both as "Davis," with their mother's surname the same. Note that the CWGC erroneously records Brian's age as 4, and Ronald's as 7, rather than 3 and 8 respectively (as per the 1939 ID Card Register and death registrations).
17B: Death registration and newspaper death notices refer to "Beatrice Dove" aged 15 (so born 1925-26), while the CWGC records the same name, but aged 16 (so born 1924-25). There is no birth registration that matches the name and dates, but there is one for a Martha Dove, which the birth certificate confirms as being the child of Rachel and Albert, born on 16 June 1926, so just short of 15 at the date of death. Given that newspaper death notices do not refer to a "Martha" among surviving family members, it seems certain that Martha and Beatrice are in fact the same person.
[Ambiguity of relationships not previously addressed; ages corrected]

"Gardner, John (husband, 60)"
[Age missing in error]

"Freeman, Arthur (69)
...
Guy, Annie Elizabeth (wife, 78)
    Guy, Arthur (a.k.a. Freeman,^20A husband, 69)
20A: CWGC records Arthur's surname as Freeman, a.k.a. Guy, and death registration is Freeman. Birth and marriage registrations suggest Guy is correct, so unclear why Freeman is recorded."
[Previously listed separately and not linked; clarification r.e. Arthur's surname]

"Longthorn, Harry (31)^21A
21A: Brother of George Herbert Longthorn, died 15-16 April 1941".
[Relationship not previously noted]

"Port, Stanley - Aircraftman 1st Class, 942 Balloon Squadron, 17 Balloon Centre, Royal Air Force [Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve] (27)²⁴"
[17 Balloon Centre not previously noted]

"Pratt, William - Home Guard (father, 33)
    Pratt, Hilary "Bunty" Mary Revell (daughter, 4)
...
Revell, Ada Maud (mother-in-law, 62)
    Revell, Ida (daughter-in-law,²⁵ 38)
       Revell, Sylvia (daughter of Ida, 10)
    Pratt, William - Home Guard (son-in-law,^25A 33)
       Pratt, Hilary "Bunty" Mary Revell (daughter of William, 4)
25: Ida was married to Ada's son, Arthur.
25A: William was married to Ada's daughter, Phyllis."
[Previously listed separately and not linked]

Page 99:

"8 May 1941 - raid unknown
Pockley, William - American citizen (48) - assumed injured, died 25 August 1942 at ARI"
[CWGC records died on 8 May 1941; death certificate states died 25 August 1942 at 188 Anlaby Road, i.e. Anlaby Road Institution; citizenship is unclear - there was a William Pockley with a birth registered in the March quarter of 1894 in Hull, who would therefore have been 48 at the date of death]

"8/9 May 1941
Bedford, Jessie (mother, 45)
    Bedford, Frank (son, 20)
    Bedford, Alan (son, 15)
Bedford, Thomas William (husband, 40)
Bedford, Ruby Lilian (wife, 30) ...
Brown, Robert Verner - Firewatcher (53)
    Burwood, Charlotte (60)³¹
    Burwood, Violet (daughter30)
    Burwood, Eunice (daughter of Violet,³² 3)
31: Mother-in-law of Violet Burwood below.
32: Daughter-in-law of Charlotte Burwood above.
Burwood, Violet (mother, 32³¹)
    Burwood, Eunice (daughter, 3)
    Burwood, Charlotte, mother-in-law of Violet/grandmother of Eunice, 60)
    Bedford, Ruby Lilian (sister of Violet,³² 30)
    Bedford, Thomas William (husband of Ruby, 40)
    Bedford, Jessie^32A (mother, 45)
    Bedford, Frank (son of Jessie, 20)
    Bedford, Alan (son of Jessie, 15)
31: Death registration and CWGC state age 30 in error; birth registration was in the December quarter of 1908.
32: Violet and Ruby were the children of Frank Broughton and Lilian Nelson.
32A: Jessie's maiden name was Broughton, but it is unclear how she was related to Violet and Ruby; they may have been cousins, but this has not been confirmed, as no birth registration has yet been traced for her (Jessie may not actually be her name at birth). Certainly there was a deaths notice in the HDM under the Broughton name that tied together the Burwoods and the Bedfords. It is also not clear how Jessie's husband David Henry Bedford was related to Thomas William Bedford, if indeed they were. "Deaths," Hull Daily Mail, 12 May 1941, page 2, column 7."
[Previously listed separately and not linked]

"Camm, Charlotte (55)^32A
32A: Charlotte was the aunt of Charles Ernest Camm, the husband of the Doris Camm who was killed in the air raid of 31 August/1 September 1941"
[Relationship not previously clear]
...
Collinson, Catherine Mercy (grandmother, 57)
    Dent, Edith (daughter, 37)
       Dent (son of Edith, 2)
       Dent, Albert (son of Edith, 13 months)
       Collinson, Dorothy (granddaughter of Catherine and neice of Edith, 12)"
[Previously listed separately and not linked]

Page 100:

"8/9 May 1941
Dent, Edith (mother, 37)
    Dent (son, 2)
    Dent, Albert (son, 13 months)
[Included within Collinson family above]
...
Morriss, Annie Livingston - ARW (sister-in-law³⁵, 56)
    Morriss, Mary (sister-in-law, 62) - injured, died 10 May 1941 at BRI
35: Married to Mary's brother, Charles Arthur Morriss.
Morriss, Mary (sister, 62) - injured, died 10 May 1941 at BRI
    Morriss, Ann(i)e^34A Livingstone^34B - ARW (sister,³⁵ 56)
34A: Death registration and CWGC state "Annie"; birth registration confirms "Anne" as correct.
34B: Death registration and CWGC state "Livingston" in error; birth registration confirms "Livingstone" as per mother's maiden name.
35: "Deaths," Hull Daily Mail, 12 May 1941, page 2, column 7. Mary was married to Charles Arthur Morriss - their first cousin - and hence retained her maiden name.
[Previously mis-assumed relationship corrected and clarified]

Page 101:

"8/9 May 1941
Staples, Ada Florie/Florence^35A (64)
35A: Death registration and CWGC state forename Ada; 1886 birth registation states "Ada Florie" (née Hardy), while 1906 marriage registration states "Ada Florence," and death notice states "Florence Ada." "Deaths," Hull Daily Mail, 12 May 1941, page 2, column 7.
[Forename variation not previously noted]

Stubbs, Amy (mother,^35B 32)
    Stubbs, Geoffrey (son, 19 months)
35B: Amy's husband - Private George Stubbs, Royal Artillery - was a prisoner-of-war at the time, having been captured at Dunkirk in May 1940. He was repatriated to the UK in September 1944, after been injured while working in a German coal mine, and was subsequently awarded the Military Medal for, "gallantry and distinguished service in action." "Hull Men in German Hands," Hull Daily Mail, 6 September 1940, page 3, column 5. "Hull Man's Return from Germany," Hull Daily Mail, 6 September 1940, page 3, column 5. "Receiving His Parchment," Hull Daily Mail, 9 February 1945, page 4, column 5.

Wardrop, Gladys (mother, 40)^37A
37A: Gladys Wardrop was also the mother of Gladys Bell née Wardrop, and grandmother to Carolyn Bell, who were both killed on 17-18 July 1941."
[Relationship between Gladys Wardrop and Glady Bell not previously clear]

Page 102

"15 July 1941
Airey, Ellen (daughter, 49)
    Cook, Madge (a.k.a. Airey,³⁹ 13)
...
Skelton, Elizabeth (mother, 80)
    Airey, Ellen (daughter, 49)
       Cook, Madge (a.k.a. Airey,³⁹ 13)
39. The relationship is unclear. Madge's unmarried mother, Gertrude May Cook, appears to have died in childbirth in 1928, and Madge possibly unofficially adopted by Ellen and her late husband, although there is no apparent connection between them and Gertrude."
[Relationship between Elizabeth Skelton and Madge Cook not previously clear]

"17/18 July 1941
Adamson, Gertrude (daughter, 34)
    Adamson, Leonard (son of Gertrude, 15)
...
Brock, Frederick Edward (husband, 57)
    Brock, Clara (wife, 56)
        Adamson, Gertrude (daughter, 34)
            Adamson, Leonard (son of Gertrude, 15)
[Relationship clarified]

"Bell, Gladys (mother, 20)^39A
39A: Gladys Bell née Wardrop was the daughter to Gladys Wardrop, and sister to Alexander and Shirley Wardrop, who were all killed on 8 May 1941. Gladys jnr's husband Arthur Edwin Bell was serving in the Royal Artillery, and he and their eldest child, Valerie, survived the War."
[Relationship between Gladys Bell and the Wardrops not previously clear]

Page 104

"Wing, May (mother, 38)⁴⁶
    Wing, Audrey (daughter, 7)
Wing, May (mother, 32)⁴⁷
    Wing, Peter Jason (son, 3)
46: Married to John Henry Wing (39), brother of Stanley Wing below, therefore sister-in-law to May (32), and aunt to Peter Jason.
47: Married to Stanley Wing (33), brother of John Henry Wing above, therefore sister-in-law to May (38), and aunt to Audrey."
[Relationship between Stanley Wing and John Henry Wing not previously clear]

"18 August 1941
Clancy, Julia Ann (mother, 64)
    Clancy, Francis Joseph (son, Ordinary Seaman, HMS Pembroke, 31)⁴⁹
        Clancy, Edna May (wife of Francis, 25)
    Robinson, Jane (daughter of Julia, 28)
    Clancy, Mary Ann (daughter-in-law of Julia⁵⁰, 22)
    Worsnop, Robert Joseph (grandson of Julia⁵¹, 18)
49: Buried in Hull Eastern Cemetery (Compt. 289, Grave 56). He and Edna had only just got married.
50: Married to Julia Ann's son, James Clancy, who was also serving in the Royal Navy at the time.
51: Robert was the son of Julia Ann's other daughter (i.e. not Jane) by her first marriage. The CWGC erroneously dates his death as 17 August."
[Order, indentation, and note 49 expansion]

"31 August/1 September 1941
"Camm, Doris (29)^53A
53A: Doris was the wife of Charles Ernest Camm, the nephew of the Charlotte Camm who was killed in the air raid of 8/9 May 1941"
[Relationship not previously clear]
Page 105

"1 November 1941
Markham, Annie Elizabeth (60)"
[Died 1940, CWGC records 1941 in error - see Addendum below]

"20 May 1942
Greaves, Edith ("aunt,"⁵⁹ mother, 82)
    Boothby, Ida (daughter, 22)
    Boothby, Ada Florence (daughter-in-law of Edith,⁵⁹ 24)
        Boothby, Margaret Edith (daughter of Ada, grand-daughter of Edith, 2)
59: "Deaths," Hull Daily Mail, 22/05/1942, page 4, column 9. Describes Ada and Ida as "nieces" to Edith, but the exact relationship is unclear. Ada was married to Edith's son, Alfred Samuel Boothby.
[Relationship between Edith Greaves and others not previously clear]

Hayler, Benjamin John (husband, 69)
    Hayler, Sarah Jane (wife, 51)
    Hayler, Lily Florence May (daughter, 30)
    Hayler, Violet (daughter, 22)
    Hayler, Margaret Elizabeth (daughter, 21)
    Boothby, Annie Frances (married daughter,⁶⁰ 26)
    Holland, Ivy (married daughter, 24)
    King, George William ("uncle,"⁶⁰ brother of Sarah Jane, 45)
60: "Family of Seven Killed," Hull Daily Mail, 25/05/1942, age 3, column 6. Describes King as "Uncle" to the family, but the exact relationship is unclear. Married to Herbert Boothby, who was serving in the Royal Corps of Signals at the time. There is no apparent close connection with the Boothby/Greaves family members killed on the same day."
[Relationship between George King and others not previously clear]